Peking University Institute of International Relations Yao Yuan
● major demolition and construction the transformation of the old pseudo "public good" real "public nuisance"
● Under the banner of "economic development", "improving people's livelihood", the current number of transformation of the old but a fig leaf of "land finance"
● China's old city protection is not without solution, the variable transformation of the old community building
Exclusive planning: Nanjing, Dalian and numerous ruined ancient city, local governments should "keeping their roots
New Year, the transformation of the old "sledgehammer once again let people worried: in Dalian, non-movable cultural relics Fengming Street Modern buildings" suffered barbaric dismantle; a group of ancient buildings in Nanjing, warehouse Lane Hubei Hall new version of "Nanjing south of the historical city protection plan publicity during the Baixia demolition do blitz damage; in Beijing, the cultural city of the time to replace the Bell and Drum Tower Square expansion, the region of the Bell and Drum Tower" overall protection remains to be seen ... ...
In December last year, state-owned land, housing levy and Compensation Ordinance (second public draft) "release, will continue to" Old Town converted "into the list of public interest, and then lead to questions from the public. It is believed that some cities to the transformation of the old name of a large demolition and construction, to sell to make money in reality, such a transformation of the old city which is the "public interest", saying "public nuisance" is not too much.
The disadvantages of the current mode
Heritage conservation point of view, in recent years, into the historic district of film into a film under the banner of "reform" was razed to the ground, after thousands of years of years of the formation of the streets of texture, the destruction of fresh traditional communities, as well as Pop Culture at once. This "shock treatment" type of transformation of the old, the depth of the impact of the China context, is huge, and the irreversible, called the Chinese city in the history of the third millennium the greatest changes ". From the security point of view of people's livelihood, the transformation of the old makes a lot of social problems, although many low-income families rely on the demolition live in new houses, but the loss of employment, health care, education and other important living conditions. Obviously, if only to improve the living has been home to the "deterioration of the" academic education, employment, medical services and a sense of security "conditions, the transformation of the old city there would be no real improvement of people's livelihood.
The current transformation of the old model, often by large-scale demolition operation, local residents are to be relocated, the land while finishing reserves, or tender, auction, listing the ways to sell, the local government from access to huge amounts of land transfer. This is what some cities on the transformation of the old rush root causes. The tax system reform in 1994 resulted in some parts of the financial difficulties, and after 1998, with the full land transfer to the local government, coupled with the construction tax, real estate taxes, and arable land occupation tax, local taxes accounted for 60%, forming a the so-called "land finance". This leads to local government over-reliance on real estate, as the real estate industry the core of the supply of land has been directed against the high cost of land of the historic district. Under the banner of the various "economic development", "improving people's livelihood, urban renewal, but the fig leaf of" land finance ".
Stones from other hills may serve to polish jade
However, the successful experience of other countries has long been to protect the old city has never been the development of people's livelihood, modern antonyms. Looking at Italy's Venice, Bordeaux, France, Japan, Kyoto and Nara, the ancient city are the perfect embodiment of the protection and development of dialectics: on the whole intact to maintain the ancient city of style, charm, scale, texture, but also at the micro level, housing conditions and infrastructure improvements and updates. Why, then, many foreign city simply does not require beating the transformation of the old?
In most countries the implementation of the tax system, such as the United States, France, Japan, the real estate tax (also known as property tax, fixed assets tax) as the main tax of the local taxes. According to the real estate market value, the property owner to a certain rate to charge an annual real estate tax makes government investment in public services continue to be the return, which prompted the Government to focus on the supply of public goods, to ensure the stability and appreciation of the real estate. In this way, the premise of property rights protection, the Government only needs to standardize and guide the homeowner protection, restoration of historic buildings and focus on the provision of public services, the Historic District from the inside and outside the natural healing.
With the deepening of China's reform, especially in recent years, "Property Law", the historical and cultural city, town village Protection Ordinance "promulgated and implemented, the people's awareness of property rights, cultural heritage protection awareness has been an unprecedented increase, property tax levy has also been ready to come out . In the new economic and social conditions, the transformation of the old city protection and remediation, is imperative. Views on improving the housing difficulties of low-income families, the second half of 2007 issued by the State Council "has been proposed that the old residential districts should" guard against large demolition and construction "," to improve the living environment of low-income families and the protection of historical and cultural blocks the purpose of follow-governmental organizations, and residents to participate in the principle of positive housing repair and maintenance, supporting facilities, environmental remediation and construction of energy-saving.
This spirit, taking into account the improvement of people's exploration of some old city protection, already have to look forward to the embodiment. The 2005 revision of "the overall urban planning", raised the overall protection of the "Old City" to encourage residents to conservation planning, implementation of self-renovation of the housing repairs to protect the main. Beijing pipe Byway regulation, the government by announcing a "do not split, just invested 2 million yuan for public services and infrastructure construction, you activate the self-repair of local residents. In Nanjing, more than a year ago, the old town of the old South suffered an unprecedented scale, "Reconstruction of Old City. Now, has been practiced in the Nanjing historical and cultural city Protection Ordinance, the adoption of public opinion in the legislative process, deleting the "Old Town reform" provisions of the draft, asking for government protection program of the Old City, "" government-led co-ordinate the planning overall protection, rational use of "heritage of the ancient capital of context.
Transformation model variable demolition for renovation
The facts show that China's old city protection is by no means is no solution to the question. Successful experience in the international long show that the Protection of Old Town can be under the direction of the government, residents, through community-based mutual aid "self repair" approach to implementation, the administrative relationship of the old city renovation from demolition mode, into civil relations in the repair mode. For example, France in 1962, Malraux Act stipulates that residents repairing and protecting the building can get state funding, and enjoy some tax relief concessions. Mechanisms of urban planning, zoning regulations (zoning), by defining the community property, clear property rights border to ensure the safety and betterment of the real estate provisions which things can not happen, its result is "live".
The premise of "live" from the stability of property rights. I have a stroll at Japan's Kyoto and Nara, I was shocked not only the magnificent temples, solemn statue, see through walls "in homes" which side rockery or a tree may This is not just the imprint of time from generation to generation homeowners intention to maintain evidence of so-called "Possessions producers perseverance. I always think the same is the city, why can not see the dilapidated old houses? Stable and secure property rights will encourage property owners to do everything possible to protect it, rather than looking at it day by day dilapidated down, become dilapidated buildings.
Property rights protection as a precondition, since the sixties and seventies of the last century, Japanese society is known as "community building" local governance model. It is not only cold hardware construction, but residents, through administrative and coordination and cooperation of residents, public participation model from two aspects of the hardware and software to solve regional, community-specific topics. Fix their own neighbors become increasingly concerned about the starting blocks, the council serves as a community maintenance, management, and will be responsible for neighborhood restaurants, accommodation services, the Association is to organize the lacquerware, pottery, tapestry and other traditional arts and crafts heritage and display , culture, community building of a small museum, the Museum. In this way, the block is not only a shell of matter, space, With endless cultural lifeline. "Community building" embodied in the "Property" and "participation" in the protection mechanism, making the historic buildings and to protect the folk customs were passed on community cohesion can be strengthened, so that the traditional neighborhood has a long history.
Practice has proved that the residents, government-led, expert guidance, social participation "community building" mode can mobilize the enthusiasm, the formation of the old city protection and remediation maximize synergies. Looking forward to this model, in including warehouse Lane, including the Nanjing Old Town, Bell and Drum Tower in Beijing, the front door, declared South China Baroque blocks in Harbin, Dalian, Phoenix Street, in all parts of the country's history Old Town and then disseminated.
(Editor: Tong)
